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from 919-1125, by William R. Shepherd. The stem duchies are: Duchy of Saxony in yellow, Franconia in blue,
Bavaria in green, Swabia in light orange,
Lower Lorraine in dark pink, Duchy of Lorraine in light pink, and
Thuringia in dark orange.
During the
Early Middle Ages, the
stem duchies (from the German language
Stammesherzogtum)Compare
Volkstamm, "tribe",
Stammvater, "ancestor". formed the major divisions of the eastern
Carolingian kingdom of
Eastern Francia (corresponding to modern Germany but larger). Most of these duchy corresponded to major Germanic self-identifying cultural groups, whether "tribes" or confederations, which German historians later called "stems" in the sense of the trunk (German
Stamm, also means tribe) of a genealogical tree (
Stammbaum).
The stem duchies were the Lower Lotharingia, Upper Lotharingia and East Franconia (all three part of the old Frankish homeland), Friesland,
Saxony and Thuringia, and the confederations called
Swabians—heirs of the Suebi, who were called "
Alemanni" by their neighbors—and the
Bavarians—heirs of the
Rugii who were dispersed by Odoacer in 487.
In fact in the longer view, only the Saxons really remained a separate people by the time of Charlemagne, refusing to convert to Christianity until he submitted them by force. Their western maritime neighbours, the
Frisians, never formed a stem duchy with cultural allegiance to any single
dux. The South and East of the modern Netherlands was in fact Frankish since Merovingian times, while the coastal area was the only one actually Frisian in culture and ethnicity.
Another major Germanic tribe, the
Burgundi, gave its name to the Kingdom of Burgundy, but the Burgundian territories (of which only
Franche-Comté would 'preserve' the tribal name) were in
Lotharingia, not East Francia, and would largely end up in France, where the co-existent Duchy of Burgundy (Bourgogne) was from the start.
Thuringia disappeared as an independent duchy when it was annexed to the Frankish royal domain in 908, and although reinstated as a duchy in 1031, it was downgraded to a mere landgraviate in 1130.
Lotharingia—as Duke of Upper Lorraine and
Duke of Lower Lorraine—is accounted a stem duchy to replace Thuringia, though Lotharingia's short-lived territories, 955–970, corresponded to no ethnic nor cultural unity.
Lower Lotharingia, though, corresponds roughly to the original Frankish kingdoms unified under
Clovis I, to which should be added the
County of Flanders and the County of Artois as well as part of
East Franconia and Upper Lotharingia.
Each nation or tribal confederacy accepted as leader a warrior chieftain acclaimed from the worthiest men of fighting age in a ruling family. The military leaders had acquired the Roman title of
dux under Carolingian rule, part of the conscious revival of Romanized customs and formulas that characterize
Charlemagne's court. The stem dukes loosely controlled a group of great nobles, and expected to appoint bishops and abbots (some were becoming very rich or even politically significant as
prince-bishops) of their own choosing within their territories; these
lay investitures later became crucial in the caesaropapist claims of the German crown.
When the last King of the Carolingian line died in 911, the stem dukes, asserting their Germanic rights to elect a king from among their number, acclaimed
Conrad I King of the Germans.At his death in 918, they met again to elect his successor, Henry the Fowler, duke of Saxony.
From this national role of the stem duchies later evolved a new college, that of
Prince-Electors of the
Holy Roman Empire, the now formal first order of imperial vassals, no longer just Dukes but also Prince-Archbishops and various otherwise-styled rulers of major principalities (from Margrave and Pfalzgraf, both lower, to King).
The stem duchies were:
- Duchy of Saxony, to become an original electorate, ultimately a kingdom
- Franconia, an original electorate (name preserved in German for the smaller Frankenland)
- Duchy of Bavaria, an original electorate, ultimately a kingdom
- Duke of Swabia, an original electorate
- Lotharingia (replacing Thuringia), later divided into:
- Duchy of Lower Lorraine, in chief of which the dukes of Duchy of Brabant and Gelre later claimed the higher rank of Archduke after it has itself been fragmentarized
- Duchy of Duchy of Lorraine (later simply called the Duchy of Lorraine
Traditional German historians saw the German
Reich rested firmly on these stem-duchies, whereas in West Francia west of the
Rhine the duchies were seen to have been regional only and had no ethnic cohesion; thus they explained in part the collapse of the western region into
feudalism. J FlachFlach,
Origines de l'ancienne France and W. KienastKienast,
Der Herzogstitel in Frankreich und Deutschland (9 bis 12 Jahrhundert 1968 have asserted that there was also an ethnic basis for the seven duchies that existed in France before French kings began creating dukes in the fourteenth century: Bretons, Normans, Gascons, Aquitanians, Burgundians,
Goti or Septimanians and Franks. The nature and role of Germanic stem duchies are now often characterized by contrasting them with the oldest duchies of Francia, as Kienast has done.
Notes
Sources and External link
- The Stem Duchies & Marches
- Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
References
from 919-1125, by William R. Shepherd. The stem duchies are:
Duchy of Saxony in yellow, Franconia in blue, Bavaria in green,
Swabia in light orange,
Lower Lorraine in dark pink, Duchy of Lorraine in light pink, and
Thuringia in dark orange.
During the
Early Middle Ages, the
stem duchies (from the German language
Stammesherzogtum)Compare
Volkstamm, "tribe",
Stammvater, "ancestor". formed the major divisions of the eastern Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia (corresponding to modern Germany but larger). Most of these duchy corresponded to major Germanic self-identifying cultural groups, whether "tribes" or confederations, which German historians later called "stems" in the sense of the trunk (German
Stamm, also means tribe) of a genealogical tree (
Stammbaum).
The stem duchies were the Lower Lotharingia, Upper Lotharingia and East Franconia (all three part of the old
Frankish homeland), Friesland,
Saxony and Thuringia, and the confederations called Swabians—heirs of the
Suebi, who were called "Alemanni" by their neighbors—and the
Bavarians—heirs of the
Rugii who were dispersed by
Odoacer in 487.
In fact in the longer view, only the Saxons really remained a separate people by the time of Charlemagne, refusing to convert to Christianity until he submitted them by force. Their western maritime neighbours, the
Frisians, never formed a stem duchy with cultural allegiance to any single
dux. The South and East of the modern Netherlands was in fact
Frankish since Merovingian times, while the coastal area was the only one actually Frisian in culture and ethnicity.
Another major Germanic tribe, the Burgundi, gave its name to the Kingdom of Burgundy, but the Burgundian territories (of which only Franche-Comté would 'preserve' the tribal name) were in
Lotharingia, not East Francia, and would largely end up in France, where the co-existent Duchy of Burgundy (Bourgogne) was from the start.
Thuringia disappeared as an independent duchy when it was annexed to the Frankish royal domain in 908, and although reinstated as a duchy in 1031, it was downgraded to a mere landgraviate in 1130.
Lotharingia—as
Duke of Upper Lorraine and Duke of Lower Lorraine—is accounted a stem duchy to replace Thuringia, though Lotharingia's short-lived territories, 955–970, corresponded to no ethnic nor cultural unity.
Lower Lotharingia, though, corresponds roughly to the original Frankish kingdoms unified under
Clovis I, to which should be added the
County of Flanders and the County of Artois as well as part of
East Franconia and Upper Lotharingia.
Each nation or tribal confederacy accepted as leader a warrior chieftain acclaimed from the worthiest men of fighting age in a ruling family. The military leaders had acquired the Roman title of
dux under Carolingian rule, part of the conscious revival of Romanized customs and formulas that characterize Charlemagne's court. The stem dukes loosely controlled a group of great nobles, and expected to appoint bishops and abbots (some were becoming very rich or even politically significant as
prince-bishops) of their own choosing within their territories; these lay investitures later became crucial in the caesaropapist claims of the German crown.
When the last King of the Carolingian line died in 911, the stem dukes, asserting their Germanic rights to elect a king from among their number, acclaimed
Conrad I King of the Germans.At his death in 918, they met again to elect his successor, Henry the Fowler, duke of Saxony.
From this national role of the stem duchies later evolved a new college, that of Prince-Electors of the
Holy Roman Empire, the now formal first order of imperial vassals, no longer just Dukes but also Prince-Archbishops and various otherwise-styled rulers of major principalities (from Margrave and Pfalzgraf, both lower, to King).
The stem duchies were:
- Duchy of Saxony, to become an original electorate, ultimately a kingdom
- Franconia, an original electorate (name preserved in German for the smaller Frankenland)
- Duchy of Bavaria, an original electorate, ultimately a kingdom
- Duke of Swabia, an original electorate
- Lotharingia (replacing Thuringia), later divided into:
Traditional German historians saw the German
Reich rested firmly on these stem-duchies, whereas in West Francia west of the Rhine the duchies were seen to have been regional only and had no ethnic cohesion; thus they explained in part the collapse of the western region into
feudalism. J FlachFlach,
Origines de l'ancienne France and W. KienastKienast,
Der Herzogstitel in Frankreich und Deutschland (9 bis 12 Jahrhundert 1968 have asserted that there was also an ethnic basis for the seven duchies that existed in France before French kings began creating dukes in the fourteenth century: Bretons, Normans, Gascons, Aquitanians, Burgundians,
Goti or Septimanians and Franks. The nature and role of Germanic stem duchies are now often characterized by contrasting them with the oldest duchies of Francia, as Kienast has done.
Notes
Sources and External link
- The Stem Duchies & Marches
- Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
References
Stem duchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Stem duchies (from the German Stammesherzogtum, literally "tribal duchy") were associated with the Frankish Kingdom, especially the East, in the Early Middle Ages.
Duchy of Saxony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian stem duchy" covering the greater part of Northern Germany. It covered the area of the modern German states ...
stem duchy - Definitions from Dictionary.com
noun . in medieval Germany) any of the independent duchies corresponding in part to areas of tribal settlement and preserving some elements of tribal social structure.
stem - Definitions from Dictionary.com
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stem cell. In living organisms, an undifferentiated cell that can produce other cells ... STEM Collaborative Action Plan Stem duchies Stem duchy Stem duke STEM fields
